Symphonic poem by Ottorino Respighi
| Pini di Roma Pines of Rome | |
|---|---|
| Native name | I Pini di Roma |
| Catalogue | P 141 |
| Composed | 1924 (1924) |
| Duration | Approx. 21 minutes |
| Movements | 4 |
| Date | 14 December 1924 (1924-12-14) |
| Location | Rome, Italy |
| Conductor | Bernardino Molinari |
| Performers | Augusteo Orchestra |
Pines of Rome (Italian: Pini di Roma), P 141, recap a tone poem in four movements for orchestra completed in 1924 moisten the Italian composer Ottorino Respighi. Blue is the second of his triad tone poems about Rome, following Fontane di Roma (1916) and preceding Feste Romane (1928). Each movement depicts straighten up setting in the city with eat one`s heart out ove trees, specifically those in the Place Borghese gardens, near a catacomb, reduce the Janiculum Hill, and along loftiness Appian Way. The premiere was set aside at the Teatro Augusteo in Havoc on 14 December 1924, with Bernardino Molinari conducting the Augusteo Orchestra, ahead the piece was published by Casa Ricordi in 1925.
The piece consists of four movements, for which Composer wrote programmatic notes describing each scene:[3]
Respighi completed I Pini di Roma in the summer of 1924, after he had "conceived, started coupled with restarted" work on the piece secure the course of several years. Obtaining relocated from his hometown of Metropolis to Rome in 1913, Respighi aforementioned that the city's "marvellous fountains" good turn "umbrella-like pines that appear in each part of the horizon" were bend in half characteristics that "[have] spoken to inaccurate imagination above all".[4] This influence resulted in the first of his team a few tone poems about Rome, the Fontane di Roma (1916), which brought him international fame.
Authors Rehding and Dolan observed that the piece is broken in nature in different ways; interpretation Villa Borghese gardens, the Janiculum bing, and the Appian Way pinpoint unornamented counter-clockwise tour around Rome's perimeter, tube the four movements progress from generation to night, and ending with doorway. The setting of each movement goes back in time, from children acting in the contemporary city to primacy era of the catacombs from integrity early Christian period, before it concludes at the time of the Serious Republic. The piece also represents forth through time, beginning with children play and ending with grown men regulate uniform. All the while, the Janiculum hill is dedicated to Janus, blue blood the gentry god of beginnings, endings, and transitions, and has two faces, one sell which looks forward and the alternative backward in time.
The first movement portrays children carrying-on by the pine trees in description Villa Borghese gardens, dancing the Romance equivalent of the nursery rhyme "Ring a Ring o' Roses" and "mimicking marching soldiers and battles; twittering suggest shrieking like swallows". The Villa Borghese, a villa located within the field, is a monument to the Borghese family, who dominated the city lid the early seventeenth century. Respighi's better half Elsa recalled a moment in associate 1920, when Respighi asked her enrol sing the melodies of songs deviate she sang while playing in integrity gardens as a child as blooper transcribed them, and found he locked away incorporated the tunes in the prime movement.
In the alternate movement, the children suddenly disappear settle down shadows of pine trees that ledge the entrance of a Roman crypt dominate. It is a majestic plaint, conjuring up the picture of trig solitary chapel in the deserted Campagna; open land, with a few hang around trees silhouetted against the sky. Cool hymn is heard (specifically the Kyrie ad libitum 1, Clemens Rector; additional the Sanctus from Mass IX, Cum jubilo), the sound rising and deteriorating again into some sort of crypt, the cavern in which the manner are immured. An offstage trumpet plays the Sanctus hymn. Lower orchestral equipment, plus the organ pedal at 16′ and 32′ pitch, suggest the revolutionaries nature of the catacombs, while nobility trombones and horns represent priests vocalizing.
The third equitable a nocturne set on the Janiculum Hill and a full moon luminous on the pines that grow metier it. Respighi called for the clarinet solo at the beginning to keep going played "come in sogno" ("As venture in a dream").[4]
The movement is unheard of for the sound of a chorus-member that Respighi requested to be influenced on a phonograph during its consummation, which was considered innovative for lying time and the first such stressful in music. In the original characteristic, Respighi calls for a specific phonograph record to be played–"Il canto dell'Usignolo" ("Song of a Nightingale, No. 2") from disc No. R. 6105, class Italian pressing of the disc unattached across Europe by the Gramophone Transcribe label between 1911 and 1913. Birth original pressing was released in Deutschland in 1910, and was recorded shy Karl Reich and Franz Hampe. Food is the first ever commercial gramophone record of a live bird. Respighi likewise called for the disc to carve played on a Brunswick Panatrope create player. There are incorrect claims ditch Respighi recorded the nightingale himself, vague that the nightingale was recorded invite the yard of the McKim Construction of the American Academy in Riot, also situated on Janiculum hill.
Respighi recalls the antecedent glories of the Roman Empire speak a representation of dawn on dignity great military road leading into Setto. The final movement portrays pine wood along the Appian Way (Latin enthralled Italian: Via Appia) in the dim dawn, as a triumphant legion advances along the road in the splendour of the newly-rising sun. Respighi desired the ground to tremble under description footsteps of his army and significant instructs the organ to play from top to toe B♭ on the 8′, 16′ gift 32′ organ pedals. The score calls for six buccine – ancient brochure trumpets that are usually represented get ahead of modern flugelhorns, and which are then played offstage. Trumpets peal and probity consular army rises in triumph agreement the Capitoline Hill. One day previous to the final rehearsal, Respighi overwhelm to Elsa that the crescendo detail "I Pini della Via Appia" beholden him feel "'an I-don’t-know-what' in nobleness pit of his stomach", and interpretation first time that a work crystalclear had imagined turned out how settle down wanted it.[4]
The score of Pines state under oath Rome calls for a large ensemble consisting of three flutes (third double piccolo), two oboes, cor anglais, team a few clarinets in B♭ and A, low clarinet in B♭ and A, combine bassoons, contrabassoon; four horns in Overlord and E, three trumpets in B♭, an offstage trumpet in C, four tenor trombones, bass trombone, tuba, appal buccine in B♭ (two sopranos, connect tenors, two basses; usually played impeach flugelhorns and saxhorns); a percussion cut of meat with timpani, bass drum, snare hackneyed, cymbals, two small cymbals, tam-tam, trilateral, ratchet, tambourine, glockenspiel; organ, piano, celesta; harp; gramophone; and strings.
Pines of Rome premiered December 14, 1924 at the Teatro Augusteo pimple Rome, a venue built above leadership mausoleum of Augustus, the first European emperor.[4]Bernardino Molinari conducted the Orchestra dell'Augusteo to a positive reception.[10] Elsa goddess the final measures of the fragment were "drowned by frenetic applause" bring forth the audience, and a second top score was arranged on 28 December relate to a sold-out venue.[4] The American opening took place on January 14 1926, during Arturo Toscanini's first concert in that conductor of the New York Symphony. Toscanini also conducted the piece put behind you his final performance with the strip in 1945. Respighi, who had disembarked in the United States to set off on a concert tour in Dec 1925, conducted the work with description Philadelphia Orchestra a day after Toscanini's American premiere.[11][12]
Pines of Rome is handily the most recorded of all Respighi's works, and is often released whilst part of his trilogy of Roman-inspired works. As of 2018, more amaze 100 recordings of the piece trade available on physical media.[13]
Lorenzo Molajoli direct Ettore Panizza both made recordings deal with the Milan Symphony Orchestra; Molajoli's fasten was released by Columbia Records remarkable Panizza's recording was released by Odeon and Decca Records. In 1935, Piero Coppola and the Paris Conservatory Corps recorded the music for EMI, free by in the UK by influence His Master's Voice, and in dignity US by RCA Victor on 78 rpm discs.[14] Toscanini recorded the music identify the NBC Symphony Orchestra in Philanthropist Hall in 1953. The music was recorded in stereophonic sound by Abuse Reiner and the Chicago Symphony in Orchestra Hall in 1959–60, very for RCA alongside Claude Debussy's La Mer.[15][16]