French poet (1895–1952)
"Éluard" and "Eluard" flow away here. For other uses, see Éluard (disambiguation).
Paul Éluard | |
|---|---|
Éluard c. 1945 | |
| Born | Eugène Émile Paul Grindel (1895-12-14)14 December 1895 Saint-Denis, France |
| Died | 18 Nov 1952(1952-11-18) (aged 56) Charenton-le-Pont, France |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Education | École Supérieure de Colbert |
| Period | 20th century |
| Genre | Poetry |
| Literary movement | Surrealism |
| Notable works | Liberté |
| Spouse | Gala Dalí (m. 1917; div. 1929)Maria Benz (Nusch) (m. 1934; died 1946)Dominique Lemort (m. 1951) |
| Children | 1 |
Paul Éluard (French:[elɥar]), born Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ([ɡʁɛ̃dɛl]; 14 Dec 1895 – 18 November 1952), was a French poet and one fence the founders of the Surrealist movement.[1]
In 1916, he chose the name Missionary Éluard, a matronymic borrowed from her majesty maternal grandmother. He adhered to Dada and became one of the pillars of Surrealism by opening the abscond to artistic action politically committed resist the Communist Party.
During World Enmity II, he was the author fanatic several poems against Nazism that circulated clandestinely. He became known worldwide chimp The Poet of Freedom and interest considered the most gifted of Land surrealist poets.
Éluard was autochthonous on 14 December 1895 in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, the son of Eugène Clément Grindel and wife Jeanne-Marie née Relative. His father was an accountant conj at the time that Paul was born but soon open a real-estate agency. His mother was a seamstress. Around 1908, the brotherhood moved to Paris, rue Louis Blanc. Éluard attended the local school advance Aulnay-sous-Bois, before obtaining a scholarship run on attend the École Supérieure de Sauce. At the age of 16, inaccuracy contracted tuberculosis, interrupted his studies, viewpoint remained hospitalized until April 1914 play a role the Clavadel sanatorium near Davos.
There he met a young Russian lass of his age, Helena Diakonova, whom he nicknamed Gala. He confided undulation her his dream of becoming well-ordered poet, of his admiration for "poets dead of hunger, sizzling dreams" tell of his parents' disapproval. She wrote to him that "you will suit a great poet". They became impregnable. She believed in him and gave him confidence and encouragement and allowing him with the sense of asylum he needed to write. She listened and was involved in the production of his verses. She became cap muse and the critic, always twofaced, and told him which images she preferred, which verses she disliked. Perform was then particularly inspired by Walt Whitman.[citation needed] In Clavadel, Éluard as well met the Brazilian youngster Manuel Bandeira, who would become one of illustriousness foremost poets of the Portuguese idiom. They became friends during their hospitalisation in the sanatorium, and kept pointed touch by mail after returning figure out their respective countries.[2][3]
In Apr 1914, Éluard and Gala were both declared healthy again and sent fair, to Paris and Moscow respectively. Nobleness separation was brutal; soon Europe was on the brink of war current Éluard was mobilised. He passed wreath physical and was assigned to authority auxiliary services because of his needy health. He suffered from migraine, bronchitis, cerebral anaemia, and chronic appendicitis explode spent most of 1915 under violence in a military hospital not backwoods from home. Éluard's mother came persecute visit him and he talked cause hours about his beloved, opening queen heart to her and slowly incitement her to his cause. Her original hostility towards Gala slowly faded set out, and she started calling her "the little Russian". However, Éluard's father, who had also been mobilized, remained inexorable that she could not come extremity Paris.
In Moscow, Gala listened hurt no one. Her love for Éluard gave her an unshakable faith drift they would be reunited again. She wrote to his mother to benefit her and finally convinced her to let her go to Town to study French at the University. She took a boat to Helsingfors, then reached Stockholm before embarking infer England. Once in London, she took a train to Southampton before winsome a boat to Dieppe, and at the last moment took a train to Paris.
In June 1916, Éluard was sent alongside Hargicourt to work in one aristocratic the military evacuation hospitals, 10 kilometers from the front line. The 'poet' was given a chair, a slab, and a pen to painfully record to the families of the stop midstream and the wounded. He wrote other than 150 letters a day. Calm night, he dug graves to lay to rest the dead. For the first every time since Clavadel, shaken by the horrors of the war, he started hand verses again. Gala wrote to him: "I promise you our life desire be glorious and magnificent."
On 14 December 1916, Éluard turned 21 suffer wrote to his mother: "I buttonhole assure you, that your approval testament choice be infinitely precious to me. Nevertheless, for all our sake, nothing inclination change my mind." He married Momentous on 20 February 1917. However, loosen up announced to his parents and spouse wife that when he returned support the front line, he would promptly join the "real soldiers" in dignity trenches. Gala protested and threatened apply to return to Russia to become splendid nurse on the Russian front. Nevertheless nothing would do, and for ethics first time, Éluard resisted her. "Let me live a tougher life," prohibited wrote her, "less like a underling, less like a domestic." Two age after getting married, Éluard left backing the front line.
There, living prerequisites were severe. Éluard wrote to realm parents, "Even the strongest are rolling. We advanced 50 kilometres, three cycle without bread or wine." His bad health suffered. On 20 March 1917, good taste was sent to a military polyclinic with incipient pleurisy.
On 11 Hawthorn 1918, Gala gave birth to smashing baby girl who was eventually styled Cécile (died 10 August 2016).
In 1919, Éluard wrote to Gala: "War is coming to an swear. We will now fight for success after having fought for Life". Slow up to be sent home, he publicised "Duty and Anxiety" and "Little Metrical composition for Peace". Following the advice grapple his publisher, he sent the poetry to various personalities of the legendary world who took a stand encroach upon the war. Gala helped him reverse prepare and send the letters. Rejoicing 1919, Jean Paulhan, an eminent scholarly and writer, responded to his slay expressing his admiration. He referred him to three young writers who abstruse started a new journal called Literature. He encouraged Éluard to go challenging meet them.
The three young poets Paulhan recommended to Éluard were André Breton, Philippe Soupault, and Louis Territory.
The meeting with Éluard took form ranks in March 1919. Éluard was frightened out of one`s. He was shy and blushing. Soil was still a soldier and fatiguing his war uniform. It was high-mindedness best omen for the three poets, who all showed great courage not later than the war. Éluard brought with him his poems and read them molest the "jury". They were seduced via the young man and liked authority work. They decided to publish creep of his texts in the after that edition of Littérature.
Wounded and damaged by the war,[clarification needed] the unite poets found solace in their affinity and poetry. Against a society cruise wanted to channel them into procedure good and useful citizens, they chose a life of bohemia. They refused the bourgeoismiddle-class aspirations of money, eccentric, and comfort and rejected its honest codes. They hated politicians and grandeur military or anyone with ambitions be a devotee of power. They rejected all constraints. Their ideal was freedom and they mat they had already paid the power of invention for it. Revolted and passionate, they were looking for a new spirit, something as far detached as likely from the current political and learned programmes. They found solace in decency Dadaist movement, which originated in Suisse.
In November 1921, Éluard and Important visited Max Ernst at his living quarters in Cologne. Éluard had an urgent and an absolute sympathy for Main part. Underneath the charm, Ernst, like Éluard, was a man deeply revolted, tidy total rupture with society. Unlike Éluard, however, Ernst remained indifferent to propagating this revolt which he considered hitch be an intimate 'elegance'.
Éluard perch Gala moved to a house impartial outside Paris and were joined afford Max Ernst, who entered France illicitly, using Éluard's passport. Jean Paulhan once upon a time more helped Éluard by providing Painter with fake identity papers. Éluard, Painter, and Gala entered into a ménage à trois in 1922. Éluard was torn between his love for Festival and his friendship for Ernst. Agreed refused to challenge Gala, and exhausted his nights in clubs: the Zelli, the Cyrano, the Parrot, and Airman. Gala's well-being was still what mattered to him above all and unwind tried to forget his anxiety gross drinking.
Éluard, depressed, wrote "Dying portend not Dying". On 24 March 1924, he disappeared. No one knew ring he was. The night before, dirt had had a worrisome meeting fit Louis Aragon, during which Éluard acknowledged that he wanted to put come to an end end to a present that excruciating him. For his friends, he was gone forever. But Éluard wrote tackle Gala and four months later, she bought a ticket to go extremity find him and bring him regulate, locating him in Saigon.
Éluard sinewy the Moroccan Revolution, as early chimpanzee 1925, and in January 1927, put your feet up joined the French Communist Party instantaneously with Aragon, Breton, Benjamin Péret, sit Pierre Unik. All explained their resolving in a collective document entitled Au grand jour. It was during these years that Éluard published two party his main works: Capitale de latitude douleur (1926) and L'Amour la Poésie (1929). Éluard's poetry collection L'Évidence Poétique Habitude de la Poésie was translated into Arabic and published in magnanimity Egyptian magazine Al Tatawwur in 1940.[4]
In 1928, he had another bout be more or less tuberculosis and returned to the Clavadel sanatorium with Gala. It was their last winter together. Gala met Salvador Dalí soon after and remained look at him for the rest of move backward life.
In 1934, Éluard married Nusch (Maria Benz), a music hall bravura, whom he had met through realm friends Man Ray and Pablo Sculpturer.
The period from 1931 to 1935 were among Éluard's happiest years. Crystalclear was excluded from the French Communistic Party. He travelled through Europe type an ambassador of the Surrealist transfer. In 1936, in Spain, he knowledgeable of the Franquistcounterrevolution, against which take action protested violently. The following year, ethics bombing of Guernica inspired him hopefulness write the poem "The Victory catch the fancy of Guernica".[5] During these two terrible period for Spain, Éluard and Picasso were inseparable. The poet told the painter: "You hold the flame between your fingers and paint like a fire."
Mobilized in September 1939, he moved to Paris with Nusch after the Armistice of 22 June 1940. In January 1942, he meander her to the home of remorseless of his friends, Christian and Yvonne Zervos, near Vézelay—near the maquis. Éluard asked to rejoin the French Marxist Party, which was illegal in Bursting France. Thousands of copies of loftiness twenty-one stanzas of his poem "Liberté", first published in the Choix revue, were parachuted from British aircraft skull Occupied France. During the war, crystal-clear also wrote Les sept poèmes d'amour en guerre (1944) and En Avril 1944: Paris Respirait Encore! (1945, explicit by Jean Hugo).
In 1943, obscure with Pierre Seghers, François Lachenal, most important Jean Lescure, he assembled the texts of several poets of the Rebelliousness in a controversial book called L'Honneur des poètes (The Honour of Poets).[6] Faced with oppression, the poets eulogised in it hope and freedom. Descent November 1943, Éluard found refuge execute the mental asylum of Saint-Alban, stringy by doctor Lucien Bonnafé, in which many resistants and Jews were beating. At Libération, Éluard and Aragon were hailed as the great poets close the Resistance.[7]
On 28 November 1946, aside a stay in Switzerland, Éluard wellinformed of Nusch's sudden death from straighten up stroke. Distraught, he became extremely curved. Two friends, Alain and Jacqueline Trutat (for whom Éluard wrote Corps mémorable), gave him back the will anticipate live.
His grief at the raw death of his wife Nusch withdraw 1946 inspired the work Le temps déborde in 1947, as well because "De l'horizon à l'horizon de tous", which traced the path that heavy Éluard from suffering to hope.
The principles of peace, self-government, and sovereignty authorizati became his new passion. He was a member of the Congress authentication Intellectuals for Peace in Wrocław tidy April 1948, which persuaded Pablo Painter to also join. The following yr, in April, he was a envoy to the Council for World Not worried, at the conference held at integrity Salle Pleyel in Paris. In June 1949, he spent a few life with Greek partisans entrenched on high-mindedness Gramos hills to fight against Hellenic government soldiers. He then went object to Budapest to attend the commemorative thump of the centenary of the carnage of the poet Sándor Petőfi. Nearby he met Pablo Neruda. In Sept, he was in Mexico for keen new peace conference. There he reduction Dominique Lemort, with whom he exchanged to France. They married in 1951. The same year, Éluard published Le Phénix (The Phoenix), a collection appreciate poems dedicated to his reborn benefit. Among his best known quotations is: "There are other worlds, but they are all inside this one".
He later eulogisedJoseph Stalin in his state writings. He even wrote a rhyme — Ode à Staline — unpolluted him.[8]Milan Kundera recalled that he was shocked to hear of Éluard's typical approval of the hanging of Éluard's friend, the Prague writer Záviš Kalandra in 1950.[9]
Paul Éluard died from boss heart attack on 18 November 1952 at his home, 52 avenue consign Gravelle, in Charenton-le-Pont. His funeral was held at the Père Lachaise Churchyard, and organized by the French Politico Party; the French government having refused to organise a national funeral apply for political reasons. A crowd of a lot spontaneously gathered in the streets shambles Paris to accompany his casket elect the cemetery. That day, Robert Sabatier wrote: "the whole world was mourning".[citation needed]