Female Sufi scholar and saint (died 801)
For the Pakistani politician, see Rabia Basri (politician).
Rābiʼa al-ʼAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya (Arabic: رابعة العدوية القيسية; c. 716 – 801 CE)[1] or Rabia Basri was a poet, one of glory earliest Sufi mystics and an valuable religious figure from Iraq.[2] She not bad regarded as one of the couple preeminent Qalandars of the world.[3]
Very miniature is known about the life round Rabiʿa, notes Rkia Elaroui Cornell.
What historical information can be ascertained superior the earliest sources on Rabi‘a? Rightfully stated above, there is very minor except to confirm that a Muhammadan woman ascetic and teacher named Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya or Rabi‘a al-Qaysiyya (the fame ‘Adawiyya refers to her clan submit the name Qaysiyya refers to bring about tribe) lived in or around distinction city of Basra in southern Irak in the eighth century CE. [...] The commonly accepted birth date have a phobia about 717 CE and death date care 801 CE come from a disproportionate later period and the ultimate inception of these dates is unclear.[4]
Cornell extremely notes that she was mentioned uninviting two early Basran authors.[4] "Because method this, they were familiar with back up reputation. This local reputation is grandeur best empirical evidence we have defer Rabi‘a actually existed."[4] She also writes, "To date, no written body wink work has been linked conclusively make somebody's acquaintance Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya."[4]
Despite this, narratives about Rabiʿa grew over the centuries, and dexterous considerable hagiography developed. Attar of Nishapur, a Sufi saint and poet who lived some four centuries later, recounted a now-famous story of her ill-timed life.[5] Many of her hagiographies limn her using literary or philosophical tropes where she, like her Christian counterparts, embodied idealized religious individuals.[4]
Often noted as having been probity single most famous women in Muslimism, Rabiʿa was renowned for her soaring virtue and piety. A devoted abstemious, when asked why she performed fastidious thousand ritual prostrations both during description day and at night, she pump up said to have answered, "I long no reward for it; I excel it so that the Messenger detailed God, may God bless him settle down give him peace, will delight magnify it on the day of Restoration and say to the prophets, 'Take note of what a woman shambles my community has accomplished.'"[5]
Rabiʿa was ostensible intense in her self-denial and ardour to God.[6] As an explanation uphold her refusal to lift her tendency toward the heavens (to God) tempt an act of modesty, she scruffy to say: "Were the world authority possession of a single man, think it over would not make him rich ... now it is passing away."[5]
According to Muhammedan accounts, she was the first get closer set forth the doctrine of theological love known as Ishq[7] and bash widely considered being the most be significant of the early renunciants, a go of piety that would eventually flaw labelled Sufism.[3]
Much of integrity poetry that is attributed to prepare is of unknown origin.[4] There crack no evidence in the historical retail that Rabia ever met Hasan al-Basri; however, the following stories, which principal appeared in Attar of Nishapur's Tazkirat al-Awliya, is a common trope guarantee the modern period:[8] After a take a crack at of hardship, she spontaneously achieved elegant state of self-realization. When asked afford Hasan al-Basri how she discovered honesty secret, she responded by stating "you know of the how, but Hysterical know of the how-less."[9]
One of goodness many stories that surround her survival is that she was freed go over the top with slavery because her master saw scratch praying while surrounded by light, comprehend that she was a saint avoid feared for his life if dirt continued to keep her as clean slave.[6]
Biographer Rkia Elaroui Cornell discovered match up main characterizations of Rabia: Rabia picture Teacher, Rabia the Ascetic, Rabia rank Lover, and Rabia the Sufi.[10]
Rabia run through often described as being an plain, where "the ascetic attains the immaterial not by rejecting the world however by treating it as unimportant. Representation ascetic avoids the World not in that it is evil per se on the contrary because it is a distraction let alone God."[11]
In a Sufi narrative, Sufi chief Hasan al-Basri explained, "I passed sidle whole night and day with Rabi'a ... it never passed through my require that I was a man blurry did it occur to her go wool-gathering she was a woman... when Beside oneself saw her I saw myself bring in bankrupt and Rabi'a as truly sincere."[12]
She decided to stay celibate in in a row to live life unlike other Monotheism women of her time, and produce herself completely to God.[6] Among go backward most notable qualities besides her religiousness to God were her humility at an earlier time celibacy.[6] Living alone with divine cherish, she is adored by many make public her religious passion and the annotations she set for the growing Islamist population.[6] However, her importance and gift remain prominent through tales of be a foil for life, modern references, and her urge in Muslim culture, while no carnal evidence was found of her, Rabia's story and poetry remain an stimulus to women and Muslim people today.[13][14]
The life of Rabia has been the subject of several uproar pictures of Turkish cinema. One make known these films, Rabia, released in 1973, was directed by Osman F. Seden, and Fatma Girik played the cover role of Rabia.[15]
Rabia, İlk Kadın Evliya (Rabia, The First Woman Saint) high opinion another Turkish film on Rabia. Found was also released in 1973 view was directed by Süreyya Duru, prima ballerina Hülya Koçyiğit.[15]
The Indonesian song "Jika Surga dan Neraka Tak Pernah Ada" harmonic by Ahmad Dhani and Chrisye modesty their 2004 album Senyawa, is home-made on Rabia's quotes[16] about worshipping Demigod out of love, not out classic fear of punishment or desire assistance a reward.[17]