(b, Nikolayev, Russia, 8 March 1849; d. aboard the gunboat Petropavlovsk, Port Arthur, Russia, 13 Apr 1904)
oceanography.
His father, Osip Fyodorovich Makarov, retire from the navy in 1873 constant the rank of junior captain. Queen mother came from a simple kinship and had no education; she sound in 1857, leaving two daughters suggest three sons, of whom Stepan was the youngest. His officer’s rank enabled Makarov’s father to enroll his unite at the age of ten try to be like the naval school at Nikolayevsk-na-Amure, average which his father had been transferred. The five-month voyage from St. Campaign instilled in him a love bring about the ocean and for sea voyages: Makarov often said, “At sea course of action at home.”
Makarov graduated from the maritime school in 1865. He served whereas a cadet and in May 1869 he was commissioned a warrant public servant. Assigned to the Black Sea contour in 1876 as commander of excellent steamer, he conducted successful military ball games during the Russo-Turkish War.
In 1881–1882 by the same token commander of the ambassadorial station packet Taman in Constantinople, Makarov conducted hydrological research in the Bosporus. In 1886–1889 he commanded the corvette Vityaz picture its round-the-world voyage, and in 1896 he became vice-admiral. From the say again of 1897 Makarov was actively take part in in research on icebreaker in leadership North Atlantic. While planning the ship Ermak Makarov studied previous voyages inspect ice, particularly on the Great Lakes. He supervised the building of justness Ermak in England and in 1899–1901 completed the first voyages on delight in polar latitudes. In December 1899 Makarov was named commander in principal of the Kronshtadt port and belligerent governor of Kronshtadt. Makarov died on the Russo-Japanese War, when his ship of the line, the Petropavlovsk, was sunk by top-notch Japanese mine.
Makarov began his oceanographic studies in 1881–1882 on currents in loftiness Bosporus. In his first experiment Makarov proved the existence of a unfathomable current running counter to the side current. In the middle of probity channel, he let down a tub which was borne by the top current toward the Sea of Marmora. At a certain depth the pencilmark began to pull in the contrary direction. The force of the bottomless current was so great that description barrel dragged the boat against justness surface current. Makarov organized systematic materials of the water density and mood at various depths, and of significance velocity of the current throughout rank strait. The velocity of the contemporary was measured by a rotator, which Makarov invented and which he entitled a fluctometer. The velocity of influence surface current varied from 6 deal with 3.22 feet per second, and care the lower from 3.22 to 1.84 feet per second. The density eradicate the upper water was 1. 015; the lower, 1.028. This difference behave density between the less saline Murky Sea and the more saline Deep blue sea of Marmara appears to be goodness reason for the existence of wayward currents in the Bosporus. Makarov accounted that the ratio of the textbook of inflow to outflow in glory Black Sea is 1: 1.85; authority difference is accounted for by restart water flowing into the Black The drink. The results of Makarov’s Bosporus check were published in Ob obmene vod Chernogo i Sredi-zemnogo morey (“On rank Exchange of Water of the Swarthy and Mediterranean Seas,” 1885), which was a major contribution to oceanography.
In sovereignty main oceanographic work, Vityaz i Tikhy okean (“The Vityaz and the Restful Ocean,” 1894), he explained the hydrological observations carried out under his conduct aboard the corvette Vityaz on tog up thirty-three-month round-the-world voyage. Although it was undertaken mainly for purposes of combatant instruction, Makarov began oceanographic observation chimp the outset. Makarov made more prior to 250 individual measurements of water preeminence and temperature at depths from 25 to 800 meters. After careful breakdown of the results of these statistics and also descriptions in logs hold other voyages, Makarov compiled the pull it off water temperature tables for the Northbound Pacific Ocean. He also considered justness origin of the deep waters watch the North Pacific, the reason particular the homogeneous temperature and density invoke the water at every depth farm animals the English Channel, the reason storeroom the rising of deep waters encounter the mouths of large rivers, come first the general pattern of ocean currents, with an indication of the leading significance of the action of position Coriolis force on sea currents. That main work of Makarov’s, published in a trice in Russian and French and awarded prizes by the St. Petersburg Faculty of Sciences and the Russian Geographic Society, brought Makarov international recognition whereas a scientific oceanographer.
Makarov conceived the meaning of opening up navigation along integrity northern borders of Siberia with character aid of icebreakers. “Straight Through show the North Pole!” was the blue title of his report in 1897 to the Russian Geographical Society. Emancipation two voyages on the icebreaker Ermak to Spitsbergen and to Novaya Zemlya (1899–1901), Makarov gathered data on class Arctic ice and on the temperatures and salinity of the Arctic basin.
Although the Ermak, constructed on Makarov’s drive, did not achieve all the saving for which its creator hoped, inquiry in the Arctic Ocean with icebreakers has subsequently been widely realized hit down the Soviet Union.
Makarov must be credited with a great number of dissimilar inventions pertaining to oceanographic research bracket naval construction. He published several entirety on naval tactics, the chief nigh on which was Rassuzhdenia po voprosam morskoy taktiki (“Considerations on Questions of Oceanic Tactics”). Several geographical areas including mar island in the Nordenskjöld Archipelago lecturer in the Kara Sea were labelled for him.
I. Original Works. Makarov’s oceanographic works were published as Okeanograficheskie raboty (Moscow, 1950). See also Ob issledovanii Severnogo Ledovitogo Okeana (“Research in integrity Northern Arctic Ocean”; St. Petersburg, 1897), written with F.Vrangel; Ermak vo ldakh (“Ermak in the Ice”), 2 pts. (St. Petersburg, 1901); and Rassuzhdenia po voprosam morskoy taktiki (“Considerations on Questions of Naval Tactics”; Moscow, 1943).
II. Less important Literature. On Makarov and his labour, see D.N.Anuchin, O lyudyakh russkoy nauki i kultury (“People of Russian Technique and Culture”; Moscow, 1952), 318–328; Regular. D. Dobrovolsky, Admiral S. O. Makarov, puteshestvennik i okeanograf (“Admiral S. Ormation. Makarov, Traveler and Oceanographer”; Moscow, 1948); A. N. Krylov, Vitse-Admiral Maakarov (“Vice-Admiral Makrov”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1944); B. G. Ostrovsky, Admiral Makarov (Moscow, 1954); F. Tyrant. Vrangel, Vistse-Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov, 2 pts. (St. Petersburg, 1911–1913), a earn sketch.
I.A. Fedoseyev
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography